Growth Impairment of the Fetal Nervous System by Nicotinic Stimulation

Growth hinderance of the Fetal Nervous System by Nicotinic StimulationThe resources on this particular topic were minute. In fact, only two articles were obtained Therefore due to the wishing of compiling information, all of the following text should be attributed to the sources listed The maternal usage of tobacco substances during pregnancy gives rise to growth retardation and an array of neurobehavior defects in the offspring. Although concurrent exposure of the fetus to hypoxia and ischemia are major contributors to the increaseal effects of smoking in man, or of injected nicotine in animals, recent studies exploitation slow infusions of nicotine strongly suggest that nicotine affects fetal and neonatal development. Due to the treat of nicotine via neurotransmitter receptors in the nervous system) the sensitivity of the developing brain is displayed in the dislocation of cellular development and blunting of neural activity in central and encircling(prenominal) catechola minergic systems (Navarro et al, p894). Many of the developmental abnormalities seen with prenatal nicotine exposure resemble those obtained through enhancement of cholinergic neuronal activity through dietary manipulations. Endogenous cholinergic input has been shown to control cellular development in cerebral cortex, the resembling region found to be highly sensitive to perturbations caused by nicotine or by high dietary choline. Thus, the effects of nicotine may represent the mannikin of a natural developmental signal, but at an inappropriate time. A current study examines the potential interaction of prenatal nicotine exposure with the development of cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in different brain regions (Navarro et al p894). The experimentation o... ...aring pipeline of action, wherein damage to a developing fetus by malnutrition, drugs and toxic chemicals has slight of an growth impairment on the nervous system than the rest of the fetus (Navarro et. al., p191) Works Cited Navarro, H.A., Seidler, F.J., Schwartz, R-D., Maker, E.E., Dobbins, S-S, and Slotkin, T.A. Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine Impairs Nervous System Development at a Dose Which Does Not Affect Viability or Growth. Brain research Bulletin, Vol. 23, pp. 137-192, 1989. Navarro, H-A., Seidler, F.J., Eylersk, J-P., Baker, F.E., Dobbins, S.S., Lappi, S.E., and Slotkin, T.A. Effects of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Development of Central and circumferential Cholinergic Neurotransmitter Systems. Evidence for Cholinergic Trophic Influences in Developing Brain. The journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 251. No.3, pp. 894-399, 1989.