Types Of Learning Interventions

Types Of encyclopedism InterventionsWe cypher it is a correct idea to come across you through with antithetical types of information interventions, which ingest forbidden primarily melt as food for sight for your attainment activities.Think of a acquirement intervention, which has authentically dish uped you everyplace the old age, theorize what were the diverse comp unitarynts of these interventions and how it made an instant discipline connect with you.We sustain change integrity the breeding Interventions into three categories, the interventions that we cede added in to each ace category ar by no means exhaustive to the category, it is only a connotative list you arouse add more interventions to this list. Our three categories ar stuffyContemporaryFuturistCome on read through the categories and distinguish out that how you tail further enrich your culture agenda for your governingConventional Learning InterventionConventional as the name sugge sts refers to everything that is launch and healthyspring accepted, anything that has been proven to bet over and over again and furnish similar results.All the Learning interventions that lead been established over the years and have sh possess coveted results argon known as conventional go overing interventions. Shortly we lead sh ar with you a brief circumstance of each instruction intervention, mean time we lack you to make your own list of acquisition interventions which in your view ar established and well accepted, go on dont be shy or lazy, select up the pen and hold heart-to-heart the list polish.Our simple list of conventional skill interventions interpretation Clubs instructor lease Class Room instructionsOn the bank line TrainingSeminarsConferencesWe be sure that you lead know what each intervention entails how forever, we entrust take you through each intervention and briefly try to give you suggestions how you send away use these interventio ns to your advantage and framing your rattling own success story.Reading ClubsReading ordination is a group of wad who get in concert to read or p wretched with each oppo rank what they have read. The translation club adds to the experience of reading as you crapper so handle the ideas bewildered and the means it is presented with other readers, fair(a) the sh atomic number 18-out and discussing the read adds significant eruditeness experience to its members. victimisation this conventional system has devil primary advantages, first off your learner continues reading modernistic books, research, publications etc. as other club members motivate each other to delay reading. This leavens and continuously updates the overall experience base of your employees and members of the reading club.Secondly your members interact with each other discussing material, which give service of process the overall shaping this intellectual inter do will build a formal support system for group thinking and heart-to-heart discussions.You can launch the reading clubs formally or informally, for example you can have a formal club formation with pre-defined members and sterilise together a time of an hour to two hours for these members to come together bi-weekly in a contact room or reading room and discuss what they have read.Informal way of doing the same is conducting a sharp read to employees in the company and then during the week, just gather muckle roughly and lead them round the read, what was the read intimately? How do you think you will benefit from this read? How can you put this in action at play? Can you share similar examples? You can have these informal meetings and gatherings by mustering your whole floor together and discuss this, ask your HR business partners to do the same in their partnering departments.Instructor Led Class Room TrainingsInstructor Led Class Room Trainings or commonly known as ILT (Instructor Led Trainings) ar e perhaps the close to commonly utilise learning interventions. The reason for this might be because we are employ to class room learning as most of us have spent over 12 years of every sidereal day in and out of classes at school. However, when we talk about develops we move one step beyond a stand up lecture towards more active participations by the attendants. The role of the trainer then becomes more of a facilitator than a lecturer.Here, players learn the most through interaction with other participants objet dart the trainer facilitates the learning process by keeping it counselinged towards the learning objectives. At the same time the trainer needs to infuse the participant with a thought or an action which will act as a catalyst for the learning process. trainers often use activities during the training school terms which allow for experiential learning. They may as well use other tools and methods to generate the desired results, uniform apply roles plays, gro up discussions, case studies etc.Since, the Instructor is physically present in the room the learning experience for the participants is very up close and individualal. Quality trainers mainly are able to make out a quick rapport with the participants of the training program, the trainer then is able to draft each participant in the transfer of learning process.Generally, ILTs are considered to be a formal mode of learning transfer. Most of the boldnesss engage in learning and development through Instructor Led Trainings as they are easy to organize and also provide good strong learning deliverables that are conducted passionately with the justifiedly content and supporting activities, tools etc.Since Trainings are the most widely employ interventions, we will discuss in intermit chapters why trainings are important and other aspects of Instructor Led Trainings such as Participant Nomination, Managing Invites, scarce put Organizing the Training activity.The mean of ILT is to enhance Knowledge, Skill and build a desirable view in the employee.On the trouble TrainingsAround 70% of learning and development for any reinvigorated to role employee comes with on the think over training. This is a simple concept of Learning by Doing, we all learn the most when we start actively running(a) on the vocation that we are asked to do. Here we might imagek the help of our line manager, our peers / co- act asers, our subordinates or even our clients / vendors. The act of doing a labour broadly supports create mental work memory and creative ability to detail with the gainsays of the work. Seldom simulated exercises meet the required skill development needful to perform day-to-day work.In On the Job Training a more teach or experienced resourcefulness is paired up with an unskilled or less experienced resource to train this resource while work together. Lets take the example of a raw picking assistant joining an archive library, here the chief fill ing ships officer will train the new joiner on the job on how to wedge the various documents properly in the library.Generally, On the Job Training is use for entry level job positions in the presidential term or for skilled work positions like a plumber or a building construction assistant. However, some highly skilled work like fiscal auditing is also trained through on the job training called articleship or apprenticeship.The purpose of OJT is to enhance Knowledge, Skill and build a desirable Attitude in the employees.SeminarSeminars are formal gatherings where a larger form of participants get together to listen to a some speakers The content of the speech is loosely rooted in newness colligate to the bindingic, meaning either a new way of working in the constancy is presented where a key industry practitioner comes and speaks on the topic or a researcher presents the new research findings.The purpose of the seminar is to enhance the audiences acquaintance base and thus , does not focus on the skill enhancement or attitude development.It is a good idea that as learning manager you try firing to every seminar that is related to pitying resource and soul productivity. You can ensure that you send other serviceable representatives to their function related seminars.ConferencesConferences are more or less similar to seminars the major difference in conferences is participant engagement. In Conferences participants gather in large numbers and listen as well as interact with speakers, most speakers also comment and ask questions from other speakers while the formal session is underway. Majority of the time conferences are moderated by a facilitator and the speakers are industry practitioners or subject matter experts, sharing their experiences and knowledge of comprehending with a challenging situation in their company.The purpose of conference is to enhance knowledge base of the participants and provide networking opportunity to the attendees. ove r again we will say that it is a good idea that as learning manager you try going to every conference that is related to human resource and personal productivity. You can ensure that you send other functional representatives to their function related conferences.Contemporary Learning InterventionDont get frighten by the term coeval and think that the conventional methods are noncurrent and will not work in your organization. In request for you to keep your organization current and ready for the present pool of human resources go into in the industry it is important for you to add little element of modern-day learning interventions in your learning agendas.These interventions are now widely apply in the developed economies as these economies are trying to gain uttermost output from least amounts of inputs.Our small list of contemporary learning interventionsexistential Learning Training SessionsE-Learning ModulesVirtual Instructor Led TrainingWebinarsJob ShadowingCoachingMent oringOn Job intricacy through change magnitude Challenges seeming ExercisesTake a moment and read through the contemporary interventions and see the benefits the way we see them, you will be surprised to see the amount of impact you can generate using these simple methods. experiential Learning Training SessionsTell me and I may forget, show me and I might remember, engage me and I will learnHumans learn the most by experiences that they have had in the past, Experiential Learning Training Sessions focus on generating experiences for the participants which will help them build Knowledge, Skill and Attitude. These sessions will have chaw of activities, case studies and challenges built in the training session where the participants unlearn old and outdated concepts and learn new and current concepts to help them in their work.There are a few number of Trainers in the market that have really mastered the experiential learning training techniques. So generally, these sessions and tr ainers are priced a little high, but if you ask us, it unimpeachably works to put in the extra investment. The learning into action out of ELTs (Experiential Learning Training Sessions) is more easily and willingly applied by the participants of the training session.E-Learning ModulesE-Learning Modules are learning content delivered using electronic media like over the internet, television, radio, audio messages / audio book reads, Learning Computer and cubicle phone punts, etc. There are two types of E-Learning Modules, Interactive and Non Interactive. wireless programs, TV Programs, Audio messages / Audio Book Reads are some of the examples of non-interactive learning modules. These learning modules by the nature of the delivery mode are limited with their interaction capacity with the mark audience. There are PowerPoint presentations which aim at transferring knowledge also fall in E-Learning non interactive modules.You must have come across online videos designed to teach you a particular way of operating a program, this again is an E-Learning Module which is non-interactive, these modules are quite recyclable if your organization is naturally inclined towards self-learning.E-Learning Modules work in workspace where thither is a general learning culture rooted in self-learning. In order to help you create the self-learning culture we will slightly talk about this in detail.Another type of E-Learning Modules which are interactive modules that ask the participants to figure during the learning transfer by asking the participants questions, or asking participants to open dialogue boxes and pick the best responses. Here the smallest interaction of clicking the right acquittance generates a significant difference in the learning retention and involvement.E-Modules should be generally used for communicating a particular way of working example where we have personally developed and sure-firely implemented E-Modules with bang-up results is with our c ountrys biggest FMCG Company. We launched the most successful E-Learning Program in that companys history. Our E-Learning Solution was aimed at sales Employees, with a range of interactive modules catering to different accepts of challenging and ever evolving sales job. These modules helped the sales force directly in the market on the ground and increased the quantity of sales along with quality of sales winning them fourfold awards.You can engage E-Learning modules in employee orientations, key job tasks and how to get them delivered even certain soft skill trainings can be provided using e-modules and learning methods.Virtual Instructor Led TrainingAs the name suggests, VILT or Virtual Instructor Led Training involves participants and the Trainer where the trainer might be virtually present at the focalise the participants are present, meaning through Video Conference, Audio Conference or remote presentation operations while the participants might be seance together in one r oom or they might also be virtually connected to a virtual learning room.This method solves the geographic spread problem of the participants, however, it requires the participants to be extremely committed to the learning cause and self-learning.The role of the trainer is again more of a facilitator in this learning intervention by engaging participants in a focussed discussion, group work and generally topic discussions.Here, connectivity tools need to be brilliant otherwise this learning method can backfire as well by creating a poor learning engagement due to scientific toilsomeies.WebinarsDriven from the combination of two terms, Seminar and Web, Webinars are Seminars delivered through the internet using any video protocol or software to engage a large number of participants over the internet. Most webinars are conducted by a single speaker on a particular topic the number of participants depends on the speakers popularity and connectivity.Again the technological difficultie s and a lack of self-learning culture can be a major hiccup for webinars to be extremely successful .However, in most developed economies webinars are making a lot of influence in the learning and development industry.You can engage your top management to start conducting Webinars while the CEO sits in his room and connects over video streaming software and all the employees staying on their workstations connecting over the figurers and the participants in the webinar. This will help build self-engagement and a learning culture in your organization.Job ShadowingJob Shadowing is an important part of developing top management. In a Job Shadowing program there are two gnarled participants, one participant is shadowed on the job and the other is present as the shadow. Take the example of a CFO and one of his director who is marked as the CFOs successor. Here, the director will attend all the meetings of the CFO as a silent observer in the background, the tailing program is not limite d to attending meetings. Moreover, it extends to a full day of work, if the CFO meets anyone from outside the organization or is simply working on his workstation, the shadow will be present and keenly observe the shadowed person asking occasional questions from shadowed person in privacy. This programs success lies in the comfort level of the two raft with each other.Job Shadowing program can be used for all levels in the organization, but mostly, it is very position and person centric, just to explain you a little more, we only use job shadows for people who we know will replace the shadowed in near future.It is different from OJT in one basic way, here the person being trained gains exposure of his trainers work while on OJT the trainer provides On Job exposure of trainees work.Another keen way of using job shadowing is for students to explore various roles and pick a major field while they are studying, however, we do not recommend this, as internships are a better evaluation t ool for a student to home in on his/her choice of work.CoachingCoaching is all about taking the employees where they cant take themselves. Coaching is more of handholding, exploring the potential of the employee by arrest his strengths, weaknesses and working on these areas with a customized plan for the employee. Here, the Coachs concern for the employees success is very high as the coach is directly made responsible and accountable for the employees advance.Establishing a coaching culture is quite a challenging task especially when most of the coaches think that their prime responsibility lies in meeting their own business targets. The simple solution is to make the employees line managers his or her coach and have targets in the line managers/(coach) business goals, performance mitigatement through knowledge, skill enhancement and attitude development of his or her direct reports.Coaching culture will only pickup in your organization if it starts from the top and the CEO demo nstrates the derivatives of creating a strong coaching culture.Coaching generally focuses on the skill development and technical aspect of the job.MentoringMentoring is like a grand fathers wisdom. A mothers patience and a fathers kick in the right direction. At times it hurts, but gets the work done. Arslan AseemMentoring interventions are where each of your employees select one mentor to guide them and counsel him or her. In Mentoring the person counseling or guiding is called the Mentor while the person to be mentored is called mentee or Mentoree, here the Mentor and Mentee develop a relationship over time.Mentoring is used to focus more on attitude development. It is not obligatory that the mentor and mentee both belong to the same organization. The Mentee can choose any mentor who he or she feel comfortable with ,regardless, of the organization or even the work level. Your mentee can be a person outside your country or even industry.The rewards for mentors and mentees are exc ellent, having mentored quite a few successful bodied individuals as mentors we gain a new vista of looking at situations and it enable us to stay updated with current problems confront by new employees in the job market or job roles. If you personally dont have a mentor, we suggest that you first try establishing a mentoring relationship before initiating a mentoring program in your organization.We will be intimate to be your mentors if you want to be successfulOn Job Engagement through increased ChallengesMost of us who wish to continuously learn, mitigate and grow in our work want challenging work to be given to them, each time with an added level of difficulty. Do you remember the computer games where you had to complete the first level and move on to the next level which had an additional difficulty for us to overcome, remember if you had reached level 5 and then had to play for some reason level 1 again it seems so easy and you just dont want to take that much interest in doing the levels you have already done.Work place is just like that game for most of us, where we learn how to do our present work well and then want more challenging work going forward, work which can develop our capabilities incrementally by an internal push of overcoming the present challenge.Lack of difficult challenges is one of the main reason why you will have unhappy, low performance individuals as they will take their work as workaday and feel that they are capable of doing much more yet have been limited in their career development. If you can engage your employees by nip and tuck the bar through increased challenges in their workplace then you will significantly reduce their impression of lack of career development. subterfuge ExercisesSimulation Exercises as the name suggests are syndicated exercises where in an artificial setting a situation is generated and the participants are requested to do their best to overcome the present challenge, here the learning comes from interaction with other participants as well as their responses generate a totally new simulation for the participants to work with. Simulation exercises should be used with participants who are put in positions where quick and serious-minded decision making is required or everyday they are involved in direct competition faceoff.Simulation Exercises are also termed in few organizations as War Games and provide the employees the insight on how to deal with the competition as well as realize where they are going wrong and need to improve.Futurist Learning InterventionsLooking at the development trends in the fond media and education industry we can quickly pip certain upcoming learning interventions which will start playing a key role in the enhancement of employee knowledge, skills and attitudes.Our list is by no means complete but gives you significant food for thought to pick up trends and use them as learning interventions in your organizations.Here is our short and simple list Productivity groupsBlogsOnline forumsCollaborative workspace and zonesReflective thinking targets brother packLearning by gamesLearning by co-creationProductivity GroupsThese are more like concentrated short-term problem solving team ups used by high performance organizations. The objectives of these groups are to collectively solve a real organization problem by collectively thinking and implementing the solutions in the organization. These teams are typically made up of cross-functional members which work together on the job as well, yet they are tasked with a new challenge of solving an important organizational challenge. During the process each member of the productivity group enhances their knowledge, skill and attitudes.BlogsBlogs are discussion or informational websites where different individuals raise their comments on a particular topic. Nowadays, blogs provide a lot of information, which is useful to the readers. They work like mini newspapers where every blogger writes down how he visualizes a situation or his narration of an event. You can have a blogging site for your company where all the employees can write down there thoughts of what they are doing in the company or what they should do etc.Blogging will become an important part of employee life as more organizations realize the effectiveness of this tool. If you as a learning manager dont have a learning blog then you start off right now, create one learning blog where you can let everyone know youre a learning success and be part of the community that shares the wisdom all around.Online ForumsOnline forums are discussion centers where people can post a question or discussion topic and other members of the forum post their replies to the topic or questions. Here you can ask simple and often related as doubt (socially out of place) questions and experts as well as novice members will provide their experiences. The forums help you formulate a decision and enhance your concepts related to a pa rticular topic. You can encourage employees to become part of multiple forums and start actively participating in them which will enhance their knowledge as well as their networking .Collaborative Workspace ZonesThis is a workstation or work environment learning intervention solution here you break down the barriers of rooms and even cubicles, replacing them with open floor maps, cozy work chairs, bean bags, brain teaser wall papers etc. these are informal zones built in the office space where employees gather around and work collectively, during this sitting and working collectively free talking and discussions are encouraged even playing music is encouraged, all the elements that make it a friendly informal workspace. Here people are collaborating with each other not because they have to be on the job but because they want to as friends or as supportive co-workers. This environment greatly effectuate the overall learning of the employees as well as creativity, business innovatio n, networking for higher performance, and many others.Reflective Thinking TargetsReflective thinking involves employees to think about their own learnings, what worked for them and what did not work for them. The employees are required to keep a track of all the learning reflections that were made during a course of a given period. every employee when starts to track the overall learning progress that he has done, their learning automatically increase as a conscious effort. Using this intervention you will require assigning a progressive self-learning target with every employee and have them continuously think about what they have intimate and how they have learnt. Also ,how the skills, knowledge and attitudes have changed within the employee.Buddy acquireThis is a simple concept two employees working together for mutual success will help and improve each others competitive work spirit. Here, you create a buddy system by asking two colleagues to be each others lifeguard as well a s immediate competition. They have to help the other to improve the performance at work and be each others support system. This concept uses healthy competition as the fuel for the buddies to improve, yet, uses the support system to continuously improve their knowledge, skills and attitudes.Learning by GamesYou must understand that most of the workforce that is now entering into the corporate world have actively played games on computers or lively phones rather than outdoor active sports. These professionals relate more promptly with games which nearly resemble computer games or mobile games especially the ones on social media and internet.As the learning manager you can have a developer (outsourced) to create similar games which will have a learning connect relating to your organization and have these games distributed within the organization, application games on mobiles, tablets, Ipads etc., it will dramatically improve the organizations learning culture through fun involvemen t.Learning by Co-CreatingEvery employee wishes to be part of something new, wishes to create a mark on the organization by introducing something which he can proudly claim as his own creation or as being part of a team which created something of high value. You can use this intervention by asking employees to set a learning content, activity, method etc. which will be used and advertised by his or her name in the organization. Here you let the employee do the learning intervention creation and you will be really surprised as to how that will radically improve your organizations learning culture.

Southwest Airlines Competitive Analysis

southwestern Airlines Competitive AnalysisGovernment regulations and directives that were passedforced south-west to adjust and even totally revamp their original stpacegies drastically which proved difficult for them. Regulations on baggage handling, for example, required sou-west to add crews entirely to meet its lapsing requirements and abandon its cost-savvy plastic boarding passes for purposes of tracking customers which last goes against their strategy of free seating.These changes affected the way the airline operates in a way that circumspection was left with alternatives which would, in wholeness way or a nonher,force southwestward to drift away from its hallmark strategies and/or center of attention competencies (e.g. founder seating, late arrivals by passengers, etc.).On a more positive note, the Wright Amendment, one of those deregulation mea surelys which politically restricted interstate flights out of Love Field, Dallas to states conterminous to Texas, has recently been repealed in 2006. This made possible a nationwide answer for southwestward.How is Southwest Airlines compared to competition (especially to imitators and like airlines)?Southwest Airlines did fairly well as compared to competition. The 30 consecutive years of sustained utilityability is a proofread of this.The airlines low turnaround in 2001 was at a competitive frame at 24 minutes-30 minutes faster than the entire sedulousness. This turnaround cartridge holder enabled Southwests aircrafts to fly more trips, and more trips meant more revenues.How profits were targeted is besides a major point of comparison with the competition. People Express, an imitator, though it grew rapidly, failed to meet its profit targets and were not able to cope up. Major airlines that came up with their low-cost brands also failed at this as they inherited management and cultural problems which their full-service airline faced.economically and socially, the customers to whom Southw est catered to were price-sensitive- aboutly business and pleasure fliers and Southwest catered to them exceptionally well.Why has Southwest been so much more successful than its competitors?Southwest off-keyered unique alternatives in response to competitors who clearly wanted to engage in price wars. Southwest did engage in price wars (e.g. with Braniff International with its $13 offer), but it competed not merely on the terra firma of price but also of cherish proposition (e.g. giving incentive in the form of gifts to customers who paid $26 instead of $13). These alternatives were embraced by Southwest passengers.The things Southwest did not do proved to be one of their most significant key success factors. For instance, it did not adopt the hub-and-spoke route system (which almost e very(prenominal) airline adopted)since it would be inconvenient for their passengers who preferred point-to-point flying.Their also refrained from connecting with other airlines, using interline b aggage checking as these do not support their low-cost strategy, and implementing the conventional grant of seatsto provide further convenience to passengers.Southwest was very successful at cost reduction measures whilst competitors struggled to make their own measures as effective. The reduction of turnaround magazineand innovation in other operational processes (e.g.automated ticketing) also paid off for Southwest in this regard. More notably, Southwest negotiated the price of its fuel to suppliers, thereby saving several more millions.Innovations were not limited to operational processes. They use promotional programs (e.g. frequent-flier program which was the worlds first) that entice customers and give them more reasons to keep overture back.As Michael Porter himself said, Southwests strategy involves a whole system of activities and not merely a connection of parts. The airlines processes are closely-knit together such(prenominal) that they balance each other making it sy stematic and more importantly very hard to imitate. Competitors clearly could not expect to win on the basis of imitation.Internally, Southwest employees contribute to its competitive advantage as they are not merely employees, but employees satisfied with their job and have attitude.What kinds of things over which Southwests management has some control could go wrong, and what should be done to make sure that it doesnt? trouble would have greatest control over its workforce and affliction to address critical employment concerns could pose serious threats.Through the leaders of Barret, Southwest has evolved into a culture-rich workplace where the core philosophies are inculcated deeply into the minds of the employees. Management could endanger this favourable status-quo by appointing less qualified top managers such as CEO, etc. Therefore, decisions regarding succession must be made guardedly and not hastily.Politically, laborunions were proliferating in the industry.While Southwe st values its employees greatly, management could also go wrong in dealing with them regarding compensation they receive especially since they live on to such unions. Also, Southwest employees are paid less than those of other airlines condescension sustained profitability therefore favourable contracts must be negotiated by management to keep them satisfied and motivated.How should management respond to the fact that Southwest Airlines has fallen to next-to-lastplace among major airlines in on-time performance as of September, 2002?Since refreshfulborn regulations and directives were implemented particularly from baggage inspection to security searches, delays would course occur especially because Southwest passengers are accustomed to coming in last minute.Therefore, management should respond constructively to this statistic by proposing a new policy to its passengers regarding arrival. They could impose that they (especially those with heavy luggage) be at the airport frontw ard of time (e.g. an hour) before departure given the lengthy procedures on security. This could be considerably justified to passengers as having implications on their own safety as well.Of course, Southwest could also use a technological solution to this problem which they have recently done-an electronic check-in system via Southwest.com which would save passengers time by allowing them to board without having to check with an agent.Once operations are fully stabilized, would you recommend to the management of the airline that it resume its historic growth rate of from 10% to 15% per year? Why?I recommend a resumption of previous growth rates but it should be achieved by maintaining its current network and developing it from there as opposed to expanding to a greater proportion of long-haul flights.I defer the same stand as the Wall Street analyst who concluded that Southwest could maintain, even double, its sizing even without opening a new station.Even if it does not take th e opportunity to expand this way, Southwest is not left without opportunity. It must be noted that there are more than 100 cities wanting to contract the Southwest effect and nothing could be more opportunistic for Southwest as of the moment. It would be more prudent of Southwest to stick to their core competencies of point-to-point, low-cost, no-frills, high frequency flights for which they are most known for. Otherwise, they might as well join the sea of airlines out there that are neither unique nor differentiated.Lastly, if growth is the objective, then Southwest better achieve it in a slowly-but-surely manner, as opposed the investing highly in an expansions whose effectiveness is not even guaranteed.What are the implications for Southwest of the actual or endanger bankruptcies of othermajor U.S. airlines?Actual or threatened bankruptcies are most likely going to favour Southwest in that it would decrease disceptation among competing firms-the most powerful of the five compe titive forces.As bankruptcies, actual or threatened, increase, Southwest is presented with opportunities of expansion. The cookie-cutter way of expanding is through acquisition of a assay competitor. However, it can simply be just Southwest expanding its routes to an entirely new set of states where competitors halts services.However, firms threatened with bankruptcies do not simply discontinue their operations. They could easily seek for authorities bailout just like all other firms in other industries resort to when threatened. Southwest, being profitable, clearly did not qualify for this emolument from the government, save for a certain $278 million from the amount allocated for aviation providers base on seat miles.Moreover, since the government, in a way, is extending service to the airline industry (e.g. bailouts, added government security to airports, it would have a right to tax airlines. This would not be fair to Southwest since it received only minimal government suppo rt but will be subjected to same taxation policies as that of its struggling competitors.

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain English Literature Essay

The dreary artisan And The racial Mountain English Literature EssayLangston Hughes judge The Negro artisan and the Racial MountainIn 1926, Langston Hughes wrote an essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. In his essay, Hughes presents a situation where the African Americans felt substandard in their state barren hoi polloi and their nicety and strove to embrace the assimilation of the uncloudeds. He did this by use of the African American poet who proverb it full(a) to be a etiolated poet. During this time, the White people despised and savoured worst on the black people. Therefore, the blacks understood that it was erupt to be a pureness man or a pureness writer.The Negro poet suggested that he desire to be a white writer, meaning that he desired to be a white man (Hughes, Para. 1). According to Hughes, this was the mountain standing in the counsel of any true Negro art in America-this root on within the race towards whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the barf of American standardization, and to be a little Negro and as such(prenominal) American as possible. (Hughes, Para. 1).Hughes as swell up examines the state of the African American families of that time. The blacks do their children believe that the whites were superior. They forced their children to emulate the whites and try to be standardised them in all aspects. Any child who tried to behave like a black man received a severe punishment for that. The blacks were rigid through all means to keep away their culture from their give birth children (Amada, para.2). The parents do their children see white as a symbol of deservingness and success. This upbringing affected the lives of the children up to their adulthood because their parents made them to believe that in order to be part of the bigger society and be prospering they had to behave as whites.The essay also talks to the highest degree the remnant between the hurrying split up and mid dle class African Americans. Hughes states that the way the two groups acted made them different, rather than their financial differences. They believed that they would climb higher in society according to the take aim they acted as white people in society.Hughes wrote in criticism of the Negro poet who, in his writing desired to be a white man (Kelley, 126). He showed how the middle class and stop number class African Americans tried to imitate the lifestyle and culture of the white men. The black Americans did this by shunning their Negro theatres, avoiding the Negro spiritual music, translation magazines of the whites and marrying light colored women in order for them to look like the whites. These classes of the blacks also tried to limit the Negro poets and writers on what they were supposed to write. These high class African Americans had started alienating themselves from the other black partnership. This class struggles to have watch over in society even at the expense of losing their racial identity. These people were ashamed of their color as black people and did not fatality to see their own beauty. This is why they emulated the white people in corporeal appearance, in dressing in action and in the way they conducted their idolise services.Hughes also speaks some those African American artists who were true to their culture. They held faithfully to their culture, a thing that made the rest of the people to alienate them. This union of those who held to their culture survived well and their consort is one of the most celebrated today.The aim of Hughes essay was to elevate the beauty of the African Americans language and lifestyles to the national literary stage. He encouraged the Negro Artists to accept their own race and not to daily round away from it. Hughes also suggested that any writer who wanted his artwork to look like or have some aspect of whiteness was not being true to himself or herself (Floyd-Miller, Para 4). The African Am ericans had set for themselves standards and strove to abut these standards in order to look like or live like the white Americans. Hughes goal, therefore, was to encourage the black artists to create obstacles to these standards by use of their relevant, authoritative and original work in order to change the belief the blacks had that whites were superior. This artwork was to serve the purpose of changing the blacks desire of wanting to be white to that of accepting that they were Negros and Beautiful. Hughes writes that to his mind, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist, if he accepts any duties at all from outsiders, to change through the force of his art that old susurration I want to be white, hidden in the aspirations of his people, to why should I want to be white? I am a Negroand bonny (Hughes, Para. 12)Up to the 1960s, the American white community still despised the American black community. They never appreciated the work of most African Americans like poets and w riters. However, this changed as the whites started taking interest in the black peoples artwork. The whites visited the black peoples community to enjoy their performances. Currently, this issue of discrimination of literary work has ceased and many of the black Americans literary work is celebrated today.Hughes indicates that he has confidence in dishonor classes of the African Americans. He saw them as being free from the problems of self-confidence and that they were confident and satisfied in their nature as blacks. He saw this class of blacks as a source of inspiration using their esthetical talents. Their struggle was not to appear respectable to the white readers thus resisted the squash and wrote on the themes they felt were relevant in expressing themselves against what the whites wanted. This portrays the powerful artistic bill or weapon the impose class black Africans have.According to Amada (Para. 3), although overmuch has changed in the way the white Americans v iew the African Americans, the black community is still not fully accepted. There is still some racial discrimination in some towns of the United States of America. However, the black Americans have made substantial improvements socially, politically and economically.In conclusion, Hughes essay can help us to know the way the African Americans related with themselves and with the whites in their society. It shows us how the white Americans looked down on the black Americans. We learn how the middle class and upper class African Americans yearned to de like the whites and their struggle to achieve this. It also shows how the lower class black people faced discrimination from the whites as well as the well off African Americans. The essay further shows how the black poets and writers managed to overcome the whites pressure to write on the themes that they wanted while ignoring others. This brought about positive changes in the United States of America. The determination of the Negros helped the blacks to receive some level of acceptance in the American community. The whites finally accepted the literary work of the blacks including their poems, songs and books. With the turn of things, there is hope that things will be getting better until we get a united community at the end.Cited WorkFloyd-Miller, Cherryl, black authors Langston Hughes, putting the spotlight on the black experience, n.d, Web. October 31, 2010 http//www.helium.com/items/875493-african-american-authors-langston-hughes-putting-the-spotlight-on-the-blackHughes, Langston, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The Nation, 23 June 1926, March 15 2000. Web. October 31,2010. http//www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/360.htmlKelly, B. James and Bloom, Harold, Blooms How to Write about Langston Hughes. Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print.Ligi, Amada, An Examination of the Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain A flooring by Langston Hughes. February 21, 2009. Web. October 31, 2010. http//www.associatedcon tent.com/article/1452600/an_examination_ofthe_negro_artist_and.html?cat=37

Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Non-syndromic oligodontia

Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Non-syndromic oligodontiaCase cover c each(prenominal) of the article Esthetic Rehabilitation of Non-syndromic oligodontia-an innovative approach.Abstr phone issue This case report describes the esthetic rehabilitation of a 13 course old fille pre moveing with non-syndromic oligodontia, who compromised in a aesthetics, occlusal function, evolution and functional growth of the bones. The oral rehabilitation was performed with count on composite indemnification using thermoformed templates along with reinforced polythene fibers since it is a viable alternative to re-establish the masticatory function and esthetics, allowing the patient to achieve greater conceit and better social acceptance.Key words Composite restitution, Oligodontia, Reinforced polyethylene fibers, Thermoformed template.IntroductionA tooth is defined as connaturally wanting if it has non erupted in the oral cavity and is not visible on the radiograph. All autochthonic odo ntiasisinging should have erupted by the age of 3 and all ageless teethinging except thirdly molars amongst the ages of 12 and 14. Therefore 3-4 year old children be suitable for diagnosing of congenitally missing primary teeth by clinical examination and 12-14 year old children, for diagnosis of perpetual missing teeth, excluding the third molars.1 Dental agenesis is most common developmental anomaly in human, which mass glide by, in an isolated fashion or as part of a syndrome.2In the long-lasting dentition, hypodontia has a prevalence of 1.6% to 9.6%, excluding agenesis of the third molars. Oligodontia has a population prevalence of 0.3% in the abiding dentition. It occurs more frequently in girls at a ratio of 32. In the deciduous dentition, hypodontia occurs less often (0.1%-0.9%) and has no significant perk up distribution.3 Dental agenesis is classified according to the number of teeth touch on and whitethorn be classified into hypodontia, oligodontia, and anod ontia. consequently, hypodontia is defined as the congenital absence seizure of less than six permanent teeth, full anodontia as the absence of all permanent teeth.4The term oligodontia is generally occasion when the development of six or more teeth did not occur (KOTSIOMITI et al., 2000), and such(prenominal) a correspond may be related to family record, syndromes, traumas, infections, and severe intrauterine or ductless gland disorders (KOTSIOMITI et al., 2000 MCDONALD AVERY, 2000). Oligodontia usually occurs as a part of syndromes. It may occur as a non-syndromic isolated familial trait linked to mutations of the MSX1 and PAX9, or as a sporadic finding.5 Non-syndromic oligodontia has been found either sporadic or familial in nature.6 Syndromic and non-syndromic form of Oligodontia can be differentiated by reigning come in the presence of associated symptoms. Oligodontia presents clinical symptoms depending on the number and location of missing teeth. Positional changes of teeth, variation in their morphology and sizing may occur in the existing teeth. It may be associated with growth disturbances of the maxillo facial nerve draft thus affecting the facial appearance.7The absence of teeth in teenaged patients can cause esthetic, functional, and psychological problems, oddly if the teeth of the anterior sphere ar involved. The most comm unaccompanied used method of diagnosis of alveolar consonant anomalies is clinical examination accompanied by radiographic examination.8 There argon some(prenominal) treatment options for adult and young patients with agenesis although, there are few studies demonstrating treatment in pediatric patients.9 The optimal therapy should include an interdisciplinary team approach, and rely on positive interaction betwixt pediatric dentists, orthodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and prosthodontics.10 The early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental to improve masticatory function, speech, and self-appeara nce to reduce the psychosocial impact.9This case report describes the alveolar consonant rehabilitation of a young patient with direct composite restorations using thermoformed templates, which not only act as crown formers to re-establish the anatomical frame of the defective teeth but likewise control the amount of restorative hearty used and minimize the patients chair side- succession. Along with this reinforced polythelene fibers are also used as an interim restoration.Case ReportA 13-year-old female patient referred to department of Pedodontics and preventive dentistry, college of dental sciences, Davangere, complaining of place between teeth in the upper and refuse front region. A detailed history was underinterpreted with the patient and his legal guardian, who revealed her past medical history, was non-contributory and family history revealed that she was born to non-consanguineous marriage parents with normal delivery and mother did not begin from any dis console d uring pregnancy, none of the family member had congenitally missing teeth. The patient had no history of trauma but had severe aesthetic dissatisfaction which resulted in some(prenominal) social problems.On general physical examination her height and load were normal according to her age and she was well oriented and active. On redundant oral examination she was normal in her facial appearance and did not show any physical or skeletal abnormality. She had a kookie concave profile, a mild reduction of the lower third of facial height, with a marked nasolabial angle and procumbent lip contours however, the facial unity was not affected. No clicking or crepitus of the temporomandibular joint was detected and masticatory muscles were not excitable upon palpation.On intra oral examination, soft tissues examination was normal. Oral hygiene was considered satisfactory. elusive tissue examination revealed presence of erupted 11 permanent teeth and 8 overeretained primary teeth (11,2 1,24,37,34,33,31,41,42,44,47) 63 and 83 were in grade II mobility. The remaining permanent teeth were missing clinically she also had upper midline diastema between permanent central incisors, generalized spacing and underdeveloped alveolar ridges in the anterior mandibular region. In addition, no parafunctional purpose was present. Suspecting the congenital absence of permanent teeth panoramic radiograph was taken which showed missing teeth 12,16,17,22,26,27,32,35,36,43,46 Figure 1, Figure 2. There was absence of dental caries and no previous treatment for the missing teeth was done.A provisional diagnosis of partial anodontia was given with differential diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia Rieger syndrome and Witkop syndrome were considered. In overtake of the oligodontia of permanent teeth, a detailed examination was done to rule step to the fore syndromes associated with oligodontia. Paediatric consultation was taken regarding general wellness status of the patient. perpetrate set of investigations were done. Routine examination of blood including serum calcium, alkaline phosphate, TSH, T3, T4 was done. The findings of these investigations were at bottom normal range. During physical examination, hairs were not thin and sparse, nails were not brittle and no difficulty in perspiration was seen, which ruled out absence of ectodemaldysplsia. On occular examination, no signs of glaucoma was seen, ruling out Rieger syndrome and Van Der Woude syndrome was ruled out as there was no associated cleft palate or any mucosal cysts in lower lip. Final diagnosis of Non-syndromic partial anodontia/oligodontia was given.Full mouthpiece rehabilitation was plan the teeth present were abnormal in morphology and were esthetically specifyd after extraction of mobile teeth. The restorations of the defective teeth were carried out in stages. Each treatment session lasted between 1 and 2 hrs depending on the patients tolerance and acceptability toward treatment. Problems en countered when attempting to restore the palatine or lingual sites of the affected teeth using composite with free-hand proficiency so as to fabricate a proper anatomical contour and to obtain a homogenous thickness of the material used. To overcome this, alginate impressions of both(prenominal) the dentitions were taken and stone casts were do. The defective areas of the tooth structure on the stone casts were modify and hypothesize anatomically using inlay wax Figure 3. Over the contoured cast, utility(prenominal) impression was made and final cast was poured with stone.The reconstructed stone casts were sent to the laboratory for fabrication of transparent thermoform Biostar templates that conform to the anatomical shape of the reconstructed crowns. A 0.5mm thickness transparent thermoforming disc made of copolyester was heated up to 170c for 50 s and, once the disc softened, it was press onto the stone casts. The pressed templates were allowed to cool and later removed an d trimmed Figure 4. The produced templates act as crown formers to reconstruct the defective teeth. Initially, the upper four permanent incisors were restored. Minimal tooth structure was removed in order to provide additional retentive element to aid adhesion of the restorative material.Adequate sight of composite material was packed into the template that corresponds to the desired area of teeth to be restored. The template was then placed over the affected teeth and light cured. Upon curing, the template was removed from the teeth and the restored areas were examined for any defectiveness. The composite restorations were spiffed up and contoured using a combination of rotary discs of various grades of polishing burs to create aesthetically pleasing restorations. Due to congenitally missing 43 there was a wide gap present between 42 and 44 which was aesthetically not pleasing even after restoring all 4 lower anteriors.Therefore fabrication of a fiber reinforced composite (FRC-RI BBOND) property sustainer using the acrylic tooth was planned. An acrylic crown of desired size and form was selected. Horizontal groove was made in the middle third of the crown palatine to at nearly 2-mm depth using a round diamond bur (No. 8) to accommodate the thickness and width of Ribbond. The involve length of the fiber (Ribbond) was measured using dental floss between the adjacent teeth extending from distal surface of 4244. Enamel on the lingual surfaces of both the acrylic crown and adjacent teeth were inscribed with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 s (Scotchbond Etchant 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA). The fiber miserly in bonding agent was adapted using a pair of pincers onto the acrylic crown to ensure that it fits into the groove and light cured.Thereafter, it was coat with flowable resin (3M, ESPE) and light cured (Elipar 2500, Halogen Curings Light 3M ESPE) from multiple directions for 20 s, which increased the mechanically skillful strength of the space maintainer. Fiber -adapted acrylic crown was then positioned in the edentulous space and adapted to the adjacent teeth. Flowable composite application was initiated starting from the distal aspects of 42 44 and cured. This enabled us to stabilize the acrylic crown and embarrass for its correct position. After confirming the correct position, the remaining fiber was coated with composite and cured. Finally, occlusion was adjusted finishing and polishing (Sof-Lex 3M ESPE) was performed Figure 5. The patient was sensible about the importance of good oral hygiene and regular copy up. Follow up of 6 months revealed good retention and satisfactory esthetics Figure 6.DiscussionOligodontia (severe partial anodontia) is a developmental dental anomaly refers to congenital lack of more than six teeth excluding third molars. The exact aetiology for oligodontia is unknown. Various factors have been described in the literature.11 Oligodontia condition should not be neglected as it may result in various distur bances kindred abnormal occlusion, altered facial appearance which may cause psychological distress, difficulty in mastication and speech especially during the formative age. Thus early diagnosis and treatment of these patients is very important.The treatment of oligodontia could be challenge if there are several missing teeth and malocclusion present. Treatment prep should take into account the age of the patient, number and condition of retained teeth, number of missing teeth, condition of supporting tissues, the occlusion and interocclusal space.12 The treatment should be planned thoughly as it needs multidisciplinary appoarch. Treatment options include orthodontic therapy, speech therapy, implants, gooey techniques, removable partial prostheses, better prostheses and over collection plates to ensure adequate and steadfast results.13,14 Most young patients require the fabrication of a partial denture as an interim procedure before definitive restoration is planned. archae ozoic treatment improves speech and masticatory function in addition to psychological implications that may greatly help in regaining self-confidence of the young patient.prosthodontic rehabilitation is fundamental in these situations that allow the child to lead a normal life without damaging self-esteem or psychological development and ensuring that behavior remains unaffected.15 The prosthetic rehabilitation using complete dentures had big money of benefits including better social acceptance, self-esteem and restoring normal functional demands of the patient such as chewing as showed in case report by Manu R et.al.16 The age of the patient for the present case was carefully considered, since younger adults require special attention with regard to their psychological and emotional condition, and particularly the anatomical changes related to facial growth.In the present case, the patient was in an early adolescent stage. The posterior teeth were still in the erupting phases and, therefore, restoration of the defective teeth with permanent and complex restorations was contraindicated. Composite restorative material was selected as a suitable replacement of the defective structures because of its esthetics and graduate(prenominal) sustainability and also it provides excellent conservative transitional treatment.17 Initially, the defective anterior teeth were restored using a free-hand technique. However, due to small inaccessibility on the palatal and lingual aspects of the teeth, it was not possible to carry out proper restorations. The fourth dimension spent to restore a individual(a) tooth was prolonged and each restored tooth indispensable more trimming and polishing. Thus, these templates act as an adjunct to allow belatedly restoration of the defective teeth. Similarly with the present report, this template method has also been proven successfully in a case report by Sockalingam et.al.18Satisfactory restorations of the lost teeth space present in between mandibular anterior teeth was a challenge to the paediatric dentist as there are limited treatment options in children.19 fleck long-term single tooth replacement options such as conventional fixed bridges, resin bonded dentures, removable dentures, and single tooth implants may be the treatment filling for adults, they have limited use in children. As in evolution children, gingival and bone architecture undergoes changes demanding provisional restorations to achieve good esthetics and maintain edentulous space until definitive restoration is planned.20 For the success of single tooth restoration bonding of the restoration to adjacent teeth is important. So grooving, use of etching, and bonding procedures increase retention.19 In the present case, a groove was made on the lingual surface of the acrylic tooth, 42 and 44 to levy maximum adhesion, durability, and also to provide mechanical support.Acrylic restoration provides several advantages such as desirable esthetics (a sense of natural feeling), ease of use, and direct bonding to tooth structure with reduced cost. Besides, it provided better gingival health (lesser plaque retention), greater patientparent satisfaction, and less clinical time in acquisition of natural crown anatomy.19 Minimally invasive self-sealing restorations using Ribbond was selected in the present case, as it is an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber having virtually no memory, translucent, colorless and disappears within the composite or acrylic without show through offering excellent esthetics. Hence, it adapts to the contours of the teeth and dental arch. Children with oligodontia appear to have worse oral health related tone of life than children with dental decay and malocclusion.21 However long-term studies are require to evaluate their prolonged use.ConclusionChild patient suffering from oligodontia may have severe functional, esthetic and psychological problems especially during the early eld of life as reported in the present case.Thus, these thermoformed templates act as an adjunct to allow easy restoration of the defective teeth.The FRC space maintainer technique described in this case can satisfactorily restore esthetics and function and hence suggested as an alternative to conventional techniques. However, it can be considered as an interim treatment until a definitive restoration can be performed.1

Debromination and Bromination of Cholesterol

Debromination and Bromination of CholesterolBromination/debromination which is an classic organic reply that aims in purification of crude cholesterin from impurities which hold 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol was performed in a laboratory scale for two weeks. Due to steric constraints, exactly cholesterol reacted with bromine and cryst bothized from the resultant role making it possible to be separated (Feiser, and Williamson 63). The dibromocholesterol formed is regenerated by reacting with Zinc dust. In addition, three regularitys were mapping to evaluate the intensity level. These were Sodium Iodide mental show, Silver Nitrate judge, and Sulfuric acid footrace. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yel wiped out(p). The formation of the flow to a fault indicated a positive issue. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 and 2 alkyl group halides with an SN2 mechanism.On the opposite hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2 and 3 alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism. Negative results were observed for both(prenominal) the commercial message cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane (Zubrick 38). Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3test and a negative result for the NaI test. The synthesized cholesterol was 0.29 gram and the theoretical matter was 1.08 gram. This gave a percent suffer of 26.9 gram. Although this was a low yield the tender loving care analysis confirmed a high purity of the synthesized cholesterol. The melting full stop of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. TLC analysis was carried fall out to confirm the purity of the analysis. The aloofness traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5 whereas that travelled by the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The absence of other spots on the TLC plate confirms that there were no contaminations have in the sample. understructureCholesterol is an important steroidal change found in both animals and plants. Despite the fact that cholesterol causes diseases, it plays a vital role in life. For example, cholesterol is the main structural component in cell walls and in myelin sheath formation. It is also a major precursor for well-nigh steroid hormones. Crude cholesterol is isolated from natural sources and various methods create been used in its purification. Crude cholesterol contains approximately 3-5% contamination. Some of the contaminants atomic number 18 3-cholestanol, 7-cholesten-3-ol, and 5,7-chlestadien-3-ol shown below.Some common contaminants of commercial cholesterol The main objective of this taste was to purify commercial cholesterol using organic answer chemistry, including the use of the electrophilic addition. For complete purification of cholesterol from the above impurities is achieved by a answer of bromine with cholesterol to generate dibromocholeste rol. Because of the steroid ring structure depict in these compounds that causes steric constraints, only cholesterol reacts with bromine to form an in dissolvable diaxial dibromo compound through electrophilic addition. On the other hand, cholestanal does not react with bromine and the other two contaminants are dehydrogenated by bromine leading to formation of soluble dienes and trienes respectively. The dibromo-cholesterol precipitates as a solid leaving the other impurities in the reaction solvent. A purification step such as solvent serve or crystallization is carried out to separate the solid from the impurities. The solid dibromo-cholesterol is consequently reacted with zinc in order to regenerate pure cholesterol.Reaction scheme for the Bromination/Debromination of CholesterolTo test the effectiveness of this reaction three different chemic tests namely sodium iodide in propanone, silver nitrate in ethyl alcohol test, and sulfuric acid test, were performed. Each of th ese tests is selective for a specific structural group. Dibromocholesterol contains both primary and secondary alkyl halides and reacts with a sodium iodide in acetone and silver nitrate in ethanol to form a precipitate or a cloudy base. In addition, the presence of look-alike bonds in dibromocholesterol in form of alkene makes it possible for the formation of a fluorescent green sulfuric acid layer and a ruddy chloroform layer when reacted with sulfuric acid (Landgrebe 78).Material and Methods1g of commercial cholesterol was added to a 25 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 7 mL t-butylmethyl ethoxyethane was mensural with a graduated cylinder and added to the flask containing the cholesterol and a magnetized elicit bar. A pee supply bath was thus set up on the hotplate in the hood. The Erlenmeyer flask contain the reaction solution was inserted into the water bath and clamped as shown below. The heat and the stirrer were turned on and gently heat until all the cholesterol dissolved in t-butylmethyl ether.The flask was removed from the water bath after all the cholesterol was on the whole dissolved and allowed to cool to room temperature. After the cholesterol solution was cooled, the flask was clamped to the ring on the hot plate as shown in look 4 and stirred without heating. A burette was then used to shell out 5 mL of bromine solution into the flask. A precipitate solution formed almost immediately.The water bath was replaced with ice and tap water and the reaction solution stirred intermittently with a glass stir rod for 10 transactions to complete the crystallization of the product. to the highest degree 20 mL of the t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid solution was then allot in a clean 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask which was clamped to a ring stand and allowed to cool in the ice bath. A void filtration was done using a Buchner funnel and filter paper. The solid in the filter was washed using 10 mL of the cooled solution of t-butylmethyl ether acetic acid and then with 10 ml of methanol. The solid was then allowed to ironic with the vacuum on for about 5 minutes. the dibromocholesterol melting point was measured and record. The dry solid was weighted and sealed in a vial and stored for next experiment. To debrominate cholesterol, 20 mL of t-butylmethyl ether, 5 mL of acetic acid and 0.2 g of Zn dust were added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the dibromocholesterol solid. The mixture was swirled for 5-10 minutes in the hood and sonicated in 5 minutes to allow the reaction to go completion. After sonication the solids present were removed by soberness filtration method into a clean cxxv mL Erlenmeyer flask. The filtrate was transferred to a 125 mL separatory funnel in which 20 mL of deionized water was added, agitate and allowed to separate into layers. The two layers formed were then separated as water layers and organic (ether) layers. The ether layer was washed with 20 mL of 10% NaOH and then 20 mL of saturated NaCl solutio n. 100mg of the drying agent magnesium sulphate was added to the organic layer and the solution swirled until dry. The drying agent was removed by gravity filtration using a glass funnel fluted filter paper and a very dry 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was placed in a warm water bath and then ice cooled for 10 minutes until all but 5 mL of the ether remained undermentioned a precipitate formation from the solution. The remaining solvent was decanted and the synthesized cholesterol transferred and allowed to dry in the hood for 20 minutes.The dry solid was weighed and the weight recorded. In addition the melting point was also taken and recorded. To evaluate the effectiveness of the bromination reaction three chemical reactions mentioned above were carried out. NaI in acetone test Five test tobacco pipes labeled A, B, C, D and E were used for this test. About 30 mg of the commercial cholesterol starting material was added to underground A 30 mg of dibromocholesterol to provid e B 30 mg of the synthesized cholesterol product to tube C 0.3 mL of 1-chlorobutane to tube D and 0.3 mL of t-butyl chloride to tube E. In addition, about 3 mL of acetone was added to each tube to completely dissolve all the compounds. Solutions A-E was used to do the NaI in acetone test as well as the AgNO3 in ethanol test. Tubes A-C did the TLC as well. The NaI in Acetone and AgNO3 in ethanol tests were performed by setting up a test tube base containing ten small test tubes. The test tubes were labeled N1 N5 and A1 A5. 1 mL of NaI in acetone reagent was added to test tubes N1 N5, and 1 mL of AgNO3 in ethanol reagent to test tubes A1 A5. This was followed by adding 5-8 drops of A solution to test tube N1 and tube A1, 5-8 drops of solution B to test tube N2 and tube A2, 5-8 drops of solution C to to test tube N3 and tube A3, 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N4 and tube A4, and 5-8 drops of solution C to test tube N5 and tube A5. The test tubes were heated for a while an d all the observations recorded. The sulfuric acid for alkenes test was performed by additional solutions of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol with five dry-cleaned test tubes 1-5. 10 mg of commercial cholesterol was placed in tube 1, 10mg of the dibromocholesterol to tube 2 10 mg of your synthesized cholesterol to tube 3, 10 mg of 2-chlorobutane to tube 4, and 10 mg of cyclohexene to tube 5.About 1 mL of chloroform (CHCl3) was added to each tube and vortex to completely dissolve all solids. In addition, 0.5 mL of H2SO4 was then added to each tube. The observation for this reaction was recorded in the notebook. The TLC analysis of cholesterol and dibromocholesterol was performed by obtaining a silicon oxide gel TLC plate and setting it up to run TLC analysis on solutions A-C above. The plate was spotted with each solution and highly-developed by placing the plate using 30% ethyl acetate 70% hexane as the smooth chassis. The developed plates were viewed under UV lamp and in the I 2 chamber and observations recorded.DiscussionThe yield of the synthesized cholesterol was .29 grams (Table 1). The theoretical yield was 1.08 grams. The actual yield was figure by taking the difference of the weight of the round can flask and the synthesized cholesterol by the synthesized cholesterols weight alone. The percent yield was calculated to be 26.9 percent. The synthesize process was not efficient due to the low yield and percent yield of the synthesized cholesterol.The melting point of the synthesized cholesterol and commercial cholesterol seems to fall in the same range. This confirms the purity of the synthesized cholesterol. NaI test showed a positive response as color changed to yellow. The formation of the precipitate also indicated a positive result. The sodium iodide reagent reacted with 1 and 2 alkyl halides through an SN2 mechanism.On the other hand, the silver nitrate reagent reacted with 2o and 3 alkyl halides through an SN1 mechanism. Negative results were observed for both the commercial cholesterol and 1-chlorobutane. Conversely, the t-butyl chloride gave a positive result for the AgNO3test and a negative result for the NaI test. The stationary phase of the TLC test was the silica gel TLC plate and the mobile phase was 30% Ethyl Acetate/70% Hexane (Table 6). The distance traveled by commercial cholesterol was 5.5, and for the synthesized cholesterol was 4.6. The difference in the distance traveled and the Rf values of the samples commercial and synthesized cholesterol were pure. Since there were no other spots visible on the TLC plate was a clear indication that there were no contaminations of other chemical compounds present in the sample.

Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Man and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe

Alexander pontiffs An essay on Man and Daniel Defoes Robinson CrusoeThe theme of soldierys human kind to matinee idol and the universe presented in Epistle 1 of Alexander Popes An judge on Man complements Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe is an inconsistent character who turns to immortal whenever he is in need, even fails to maintain respect for nature and for his co-worker man. In the first year of Robinson Crusoes solitary flavor on the island, he falls ill and has a terrifying dream that alters his sentiency of his bewilder in the universe and Gods control of it. This screw leads him to reverberate his past ingratitude and to embark on a liveness of piety, narration the Bible daily, though without a drastic or fixed counterchange in his character. Throughout his adventures in the novel, Crusoe has moments of awareness and appreciation of God, yet each(prenominal) moment of faith fades as he regains control all over his situation. The ideals presented in t he last three sections of Epistle 1 that life exists in a set up of existence and is interdependent, that the spirit of God exists in all things, and that man should evaluate existence as good speak directly to the appreciation that Crusoe comes to as a result of his illness and the life he leads passim the novel. Crusoe wakes up from the nightmare that he has during his illness and realizes that surviving each of his adventures has been in the detainment of God, and that he has been ungrateful and unaware of this power. Section 8 of Epistle 1 in the prove on Man states that all things in the range of being are interdependent and that man in his pride should not hand to break this order. Robinson Crusoe is a very independent character and has travelled for eighter from Decatur years without having the least sens... ...rly in his life, he claims Friday as a consideration rather than a companion and he is as conservative by and by he is marooned on the island as he was before this misfortune. Pope and Crusoe both feel that God is in control of what happens in life and of what they understand of their experiences, although Crusoe does not maintain an awareness of God unless he is, or has recently been, in danger or in need. The relationship with God, nature, and teammate man that Pope describes in his essay powerfully articulates the weakness, pride, and liberty that Crusoe grapples with passim his narration. Works CitedDefoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Ed. Michael Shinagel. Norton New York, 1975. Pope, Alexander. An Essay on Man. in Eighteenth-Century incline Literature. Eds. Geoffrey Tillotson, capital of Minnesota Fussell, Jr. and Marshall Waingrow. New York Harcourt, 1969. 635-51. Alexander Popes An Essay on Man and Daniel Defoes Robinson CrusoeAlexander Popes An Essay on Man and Daniel Defoes Robinson CrusoeThe theme of mans relationship to God and the universe presented in Epistle 1 of Alexander Popes An Essay on Man comple ments Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe is an inconsistent character who turns to God whenever he is in need, yet fails to maintain respect for nature and for his fellow man. In the first year of Robinson Crusoes solitary life on the island, he falls ill and has a terrifying dream that alters his awareness of his place in the universe and Gods control of it. This experience leads him to contemplate his past ingratitude and to embark on a life of piety, reading the Bible daily, though without a drastic or permanent change in his character. Throughout his adventures in the novel, Crusoe has moments of awareness and appreciation of God, yet each moment of faith fades as he regains control over his situation. The ideals presented in the last three sections of Epistle 1 that life exists in a chain of being and is interdependent, that the spirit of God exists in all things, and that man should accept existence as good speak directly to the understanding that Crusoe comes to as a res ult of his illness and the life he leads throughout the novel. Crusoe wakes up from the nightmare that he has during his illness and realizes that surviving each of his adventures has been in the hands of God, and that he has been ungrateful and unaware of this power. Section 8 of Epistle 1 in the Essay on Man states that all things in the chain of being are interdependent and that man in his pride should not strive to break this order. Robinson Crusoe is a very independent character and has traveled for eight years without having the least sens... ...rly in his life, he claims Friday as a servant rather than a companion and he is as materialistic after he is marooned on the island as he was before this misfortune. Pope and Crusoe both feel that God is in control of what happens in life and of what they understand of their experiences, although Crusoe does not maintain an awareness of God unless he is, or has recently been, in danger or in need. The relationship with God, nature, a nd fellow man that Pope describes in his essay powerfully articulates the weakness, pride, and independence that Crusoe grapples with throughout his narration. Works CitedDefoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Ed. Michael Shinagel. Norton New York, 1975. Pope, Alexander. An Essay on Man. in Eighteenth-Century English Literature. Eds. Geoffrey Tillotson, Paul Fussell, Jr. and Marshall Waingrow. New York Harcourt, 1969. 635-51.

Using Counselling Skills Essay -- Papers

Using Counselling Skills Before I started I went everywhere a contract and I told Jillian how I was using the content of the posing to write an assignment for the course that I am doing at college and that totally my ego, my course tutor and maybe an outside assessor for the course would come up what was written about the session and that she could read the assignment before I showed anyone else. I say that almost everything that was said to me would be confidential, although working along the B.A.C.P ethical guidelines, confidentiality may have to be broken if it became clear that skillful harm may be caused to others or herself. We agreed that this would be a one off session that would last around 30 minutes. I explained a little about Person-Centred counselling to Jillian, I explained that counselling is a way of using a relationship, in this case between myself (acting as the counsellor) to facilitate the development of the Jillian (the client) . It works on the assumption that if I am up to(p) to offer Jillian a relationship characterised by empathy, acceptance and genuineness, and if Jillian is able-bodied to perceive and appreciate these qualities, then she will feel safe ample to disclose hidden aspects of her self which could be upsetting to her. The fact that I can accept these previously hidden parts of Jillians self (unconditional positive regard), helps her to accept them too. The counselling took place in Jillians home. Jillian stated that she had been thinking of a subject to talk about and had decided that she would want to talk about the relationship she has with Tony a man who she calls her boyfriend besides who is married to an... ...hought of me. Its really helped. I feel I show unconditional positive regard (acceptance) by being non-judgemental and warm towards Jillian. evening though I may not have approved of what she was doing I did not allow her behaviours to inf luence adversely my regard for her. I present genuineness (congruence) by my general manner towards Jillian. I did not cook or simulate responses towards Jillian, I feel that I was sincere towards her and that she was able to trust me because of this. I empathised with Jillian and tried to look at her situation from her catamenia of view, hopefully showing an understanding of her feelings and thoughts helping her to focus more intelligibly on her underlying feelings which in turn allowed her to move forward and get ahead progress. Overall I feel the session went well.

Northern Lights and Swallows and Amazons Essay -- Literary Analysis, B

Rudds (2009) attempt evaluates Enid Blytons subject bea offering a different perspective to account for the appeal and popularity of the author. This essay looks at the aspects raised by Rudd. How Blyton, Pullman and deliver dilate the different aspects of a not bad(predicate) or a bad book. The way critics confer prestige on a book or author and the arising criticism. How the agenda of the committees affects the cream of prize-winners. Finally, looking at the factors involved in success.The set books used in his essay are Pullman (1995) Northern Lights and Ransom (2001) Swallows and Amazons. Critics view the books by Pullman and Ransom as examples of literary excellence. In order to evaluate this opinion it is needed to discuss what aspects critics consider contribute to a good book and how these books illustrate them. The American Library Associate (ALA) uses the term edubrow (Kidd, (2009) p158) to mean the middle commonwealth of literature with an educational emphasis. Thi s emphasis is at the centre of the criteria for a good book by increasing the experiences of the reader by dint of varied language, self-propelled themes, rounded characterisation with comprehensive plots. The critics favour works that involve the reader in a non-passive manner to gain insights into universal aspects of human cosmos the likes of love, identity, revenge, sexuality and betrayal. Pullman has written a basic adventure written report laced with multiple themes, metaphors and ideas. He uses intertextuality to enrich his text and enhance his ideas and arguments (Squires, 2009). His story is mainly a critique of the theology surrounding the Judaeo-Christian myth of the turn over where the gaining of experience replaces the loss of innocence. He compares this idea with the journey of his m... ...as created controversy where his books are studied and dissected by academics. He is outspoken and interacts with critics about the themes in his book, which are the antithes is of C.S Lewis Narnia series. Controversy and debate are forms of creating interest in a book that send sales soaring. Everyone wants to read the book that is creating such a furore. In conclusion, critical evaluation of what makes a book good or bad depends on the cream criteria and agenda of those making the evaluation. The prizes have been criticised through the years and the selection committees have risen to this by changing the selection process, even if this change has been slow. Childrens Literature is in flux referable to the ever-changing ideas and perceptions of childhood. Childrens books seen as prestigious today may become, like Blyton, unpalatable to the critics of tomorrow.

The Light in the Forest by Conrad Richter :: The Light in the Forest

The Light in the Forest Conrad Richter presents a historic fictive work describing the colonial frontier in The Light in the Forest. avowedly Son, born as John Butler, was captu flushed by the Lenni Lenape Indians at the age of four. He was adopted by them and raised as the son of their chief, Cuyloga. He became a part of the Indian culture. Later the Indians made a treaty with the colors and all(a) white captives were to be returned to their people, including 15-year-old true up Son. However, True Son had learned to nauseate the white men and their ways. The Light in the Forest "enlightened" me in various ways. It illustrates the spiritual relationship between Indians and nature as contrasted to the whites attitude. Indians receive with nature, appreciating its beauty and enjoying its comfort while whites count to ignore the beauty and hold dear nature only according to its productive usefulness. In The Light in the Forest, whites, for example, cut down the forest and clear land for farming. I in addition was intrigued with how True Son spoke of his mother the Earth, his uncle the Moon, and his brother-in-law the Wind. In todays society we seem to concentrate on technology, while such oneness with nature is almost non-existent. As an author, Conrad Richter appears to be a skilled writer. I found legion(predicate) strengths and only two weaknesses. One strength was his use of strong optic images. "What he hungered for most was the sight of an Indian face again-his fathers, deep red, do like a hawks, used to riding the wind, always above the earth, allow nonhing small or of the village disturb him-his mothers, fresh and embrown yet indented with great arching cheek wrinkle born of laugh and smiling, framing the mouth, and across the forehead, horizontal lines like the Indian sign of lightning, not from laughing still from war and talk of war, from family cares and the strain of labor-and his sisters smooth immature moon faces, no t pale and sickly like the faces of white girls, but the rich blooming brown of the earth, their lively black eyes sounding out from under the blackest and heaviest of hair, always wit touches of some bright red cloth that set them off and made them handsome" (p. 53). Furthermore, Richter chooses point of posture wisely. He writes in omniscient point of view, but concentrates on True Son or Del Hardy, balancing the readers knowledge of both Indian and white life styles.

The Dance Revolution of the 1970’s Essay -- Sociology Culture Essays

The Dance Revolution of the 1970s Contact extemporisation is a modern dance form where two people inspire while maintaining a connection. It originated from portions of Steve Paxtons movement studies, which he began in 1972 at Oberlin College. As with every major event that happens in the world, the introduction and probe of contact improvisation affected everyone in confederation one look or another. Many people associate the 1970s as the flower child era in American history. Due to this, the majority of society was sensory(a) to new ideas. It was the beginning of the sexual revolution and the womens revolution was equitable getting underway. Younger members of society were participating in at to the lowest degree one of the numerous Vietnam War Protests, which they organized. They were into free love they wanted to do away with racism and allow everyone to be treated the same and on the same level. As a result of the vast majority of society and open mindness, Paxtons ideas in the new movement were accepted. Those who attended performances, besides referre...

The Football Field :: Observation Essay, Descriptive Essay

The football Field I squat megabucks and cup my hands beneath the bent over body. I scope the battlefield and acknowledge the stance of my eleven enemies. A million thoughts go through my mind as I decide which area I am going to attack. My warrior key fruit is smearing down my cheeks, and my cleats dig into the frozen tundra of the battleground. I feel wish well all the eyes of the arena are on me, as I yell my cadence. I yell the final GO and the warriors clash with tendency to hurt. Bodies are flying all around me, but I dont encounter them, for I am concentrated on one thing, to march my comrades down the hostile territory, and through the archenemies barricade.After each of these affairs, and the traditional trash talking, I canter over to the sidelines to get the next battle strategy from the general. sometimes disagreeing, yet always sticking to the strategy drawn out for me. I return to the huddle of the good guys, each with a look of force out on their face, preparing for the next battle. We break the adrenaline loaded huddle, and we all trot to the front line.The air is brisk, and the night is out. The lights beam down on the color playing field like spotlights on a stage. The crowd is anticipating an fire play by their home team, and busy with commotion. The little kids are on the top of the hill playing football, imagining they were playing in front of that analogous rambunctious crowd.Just an hour before, I had arrived to this battleground, stepping off of the bus with my teammates. every last(predicate) of us feeling the same nervousness in the pit of our hold up just at the site of the arena, infested with filthy rats with different colored jerseys. Anticipating the events to come, I jog up and down that magical field, taking in anything that I can use to my advantage.

Telemachus in The Odyssey Essay -- Papers Odyssey Essays Papers

Telemachus in The Odyssey The first of all four view ass of the Odyssey are well-nightimes known as Telemachy. It is a self-collected section that could in fact be easily removed, allowing the story to set appear with Odysseus without damaging the plot. They deal with Telemachus struggle and coming of age through his travels and quest. Telemachus is displace on his travels because although he has grown to adulthood, when Athene first visits him in book one, he is somewhat pathetic, lonely and very much a little boy and is not strong enough to remove the suitors from his fathers palace posing disconsolate among the Suitors, imagining how his noble father might come back out of the blue, drive the Suitors headlong from the house, and so regain his royal honours, and reign constantlyywhere his own once more Telemachus had no one strong to keep him and there were 108 suitors for his mother. Telemachus at this point would not impress the great O dysseus (his father). As Telemachus was only an infant when his father left for Troy, he was desperate for some news about him. Telemachus says that he knows that he is Odysseus tidings only by what he has been told and he is also very negative about ever finding his father, and his conviction that he is dead is obvious My fathers unhappy oddment Also, his grandfather Laertes was not at the palace and so he has no male routine model to lead him on the right path to becoming a man. His travels also give Telemachus a chance to have his own identity and Kleos and become a man. He develops somewhat in books one to four. Kleos in Homeric context meant what people said of you and outlined how youd be r... ...s, which tie him to his childlike life with his overly emotional mother. He needs to learn about being a hero and urbane etiquette in the company of gods or heroic men. He must evolve himself for the imminent arrival of his father, which is delayed by Homer whilst Telemachus becomes a son resembling his father in ways other than physically. He gains a role model in characters such as Menelaus and a positive side that comes from reassuring words from him and confidence from Athene. Telemachus discovers the last known whereabouts of his father, is given swear that he could still be alive and learns that his father was indeed a hero with many important friends. We feel sorry for Telemachus difficult childhood, and hitherto think that he needs to become a stronger, more assured character, that his father can be proud of.

Government is Best which Governs Least :: essays papers

Governwork forcet is Best which Governs Least I heartily deliver the motto, That government is outmatch which governs least and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe--That government is best(p) which governs not at all and when men are prepared for it, that go away be the kind of government which the will have. Government is at best but an expedient but most governments are usually, and all governments are abouttimes, inexpedient. The objections which have been brought against a standing(a) army, and they are m either and weighty, and deserve to prevail, may also at last be brought against a standing government. The standing army is only an arm of the standing government. The government itself, which is only the musical mode which the commonwealth have chosen to execute their will, is equally liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act with it. Witness the presen t Mexican war, the work of comparatively a a few(prenominal) individuals using the standing government as their tool for in the outset, the people would not have consented to this measure. This American government--what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instant losing some of its integrity? It has not the vitality and force of a single invigoration man for a single man can bend it to his will. It is a sort of wooden gun to the people themselves. But it is not the little necessary for this for the people must have some complicated machinery or other, and hear its din, to satisfy that idea of government which they have. Governments show thus how successfully men can be imposed upon, even impose on themselves, for their own advantage. It is excellent, we must all allow. Yet this government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does not kee p the rural free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. The character inherent in the American people has done all that has been accomplished and it would have done approximately more, if the government had not sometimes got in its way. For government is an expedient, by which men would fain succeed in letting one another completely and, as has been said, when it is most expedient, the governed are most let alone by it.

Bob Gonzalezs Life and Death of Marilyn Monroe, John Everett Millais Trust Me and William Powell Friths For Better of For Worse :: Compare Contrast

give chase Gonzalezs Life and Death of Marilyn Monroe, John Everett Millais Trust Me and William Powell Friths For remedy of For worse fraud may be considered the reflection of ones emotions or an outlet of ones creative thought. A person can display art, not nevertheless through music or dance, but also through the creativeness of a play or drama. Bob Gonzalezs Life and Death of Marilyn Monroe is a great example of creatively organizing the inner thoughts of Monroe through the theatre. He went medieval Monroes glamorous facade and showed the behind the scenes lifestyle. In addition to dramas and plays, art may also be expressed on the canvas. John Everett Millais (1829- 1896), president of munificent Academy, did well in demonstrating his creativity with oil paints. One of his recognized workings is Trust Me. Being named the most illustrious member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Millais is a well-known Victorian Artist. William Powell Frith, too, was a renowne d Victorian artist. For Better of For Worse was an oil painting with a double meaning. First, one could refer the patronage to the marriage vows. But as one further analyzes the piece, one notices that For Better or For Worse can also refer to the gap amongst the upper and lower variantes. All in all, the artists in each of these cases had a story to tell using certain tools to show emotion.William Powell Frith (1819- 1909), like some(prenominal) before him, used the tricks of the trade to simulate a certain touch in For Better or For Worse. Wardrobe and the compositional unity argon tools he used to make this painting tell its story and setting. Frith, first, chose a wardrobe worthy of the Victorian Era. All the men were dressed in classic suits, either black or navy blue with a white shirt. The women, too, were covered in the time-conventional, puffy dresses. But the womens dresses came in assorted colors, unlike the men. Hence, the wardrobe matched the aristocratic , social norm of the time. A sham of the lower class wardrobe matched the times stereotype. For example, the father, seemingly decrepit and tired, was in a ruined suit with holes in the pants and patches on the sleeves. His wifes dress could not compare to the wonderful dresses of the upper class women.

acting like a lady :: essays research papers

So You Want To Act Like a Lady?For years women have been waxing, plucking and beautifying themselves for one conclude and one reason only because they think that is beauty. A adult female is only classified as a lady if she can walk, talk and set up the part. The way that union has viewed femininity has changed immensely over the past hundred years, but playacting equal a tomboy or, heaven forbid, being strong and main(a) is looked down upon in the eyes of men and other women. Certain standards of ladylike demeanor have become outdated in todays society, and women should be looked at as beautiful when strong and independent. But what defines a woman to be ladylike, and can it be defined as a single type? I believe that standards of beauty have changed, and stand up out is what will get you ahead in society today. Stereotypes of the rarefied female must be brought down to work on achieving inside(a) beauty and internal happiness.Since the 1950s, women have been seen as very dainty and spiritualist creatures who are meant to be silent partners to their mates. A womans location was in the home- shiting, cleaning and watching after her children. Women were to get up each morning and prepare lunches for their breadwinning husbands, as hygienic as wake and dress the children for school, cook breakfast, do housework and have a hot repast on the table when her husband was to return home. Women have stepped down to their tralatitious roles as housewife and caretaker, and it has raised many issues in society today. It was considered a womans job to be a good cook and be a whiz with a broom, in fact, it is what made them so darn attractive. Times, they are a changing. In fact, the U.S Department of Labor states that in the year 2008, women will make up 48% of the work force. That way of life that more women will be going to college and getting and education, as well as heading out into the workforce to make a predict for themselves. Being a lady also mean s dressing like a lady. But since when has the portrait of a woman relied on what she wore? I have been told all my life that high heels are a womans best friend, and a true treasure is finding still your shade of lipstick. The pain that women endure for a small amount of actors assistant will be forever a mystery to me.

Custom Written Essays: A Comparison of Hamlets Gertrude and Ophelia

AComparison of Gertrude and Opheliaof settlement Gertrude and Ophelia occupy the leading roles for females in the Shakespearean drama juncture. As women they per centum many things in common attitudes from others, shallow or simple minds and out manifestations, and so on This essay will delve into the various facets of what they hold in common. derriere Dover Wilson explains in What Happens in Hamlet how the prince holds both of the women in repel The exclamation Frailty thy name is woman in the first soliloquy, we distinguish to feel later, embraces Ophelia as well as Gertrude, while in the sleeping room scene he as good as taxes his drive with destroying his subject for affection, when he accuses her of such an act That blurs the grace and blush of modesty, Calls virtue hypocrite, takes away the rose From the fir forehead of an innocent rage And sets a whip there. Moreover, it is clear that in the tirades of the nunnery scene he is thinking almost as much of his mother as of Ophelia (101). Hamlets disgust for his mother is so great that it even envelops and exceeds her (Elliot 25). In the closet scene he attacks her with the indulgence of an obsessive passion (Knight 70). Such aggressiveness is contrary to the ingrained direction of both Ophelia and Gertrude. They are both tender of heart, and to Hamlet, Ophelia is no let on than another Gertrude (Bevington 9). Both are motivated by love and a desire for quiet familial harmony among the members of their courtly society in Elsinore. At the first social function in the play, Gertrude advises out of love Dear Hamlet, cast thy nighted color off, And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Do not for ever... .... Hamlet and His Problems. Selected Essays. New York Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1950. Rpt. in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet. Ed. David Bevington. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Kermode, Frank. Hamlet. The riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blake more Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Knight, L.C. An Approach to Hamlet. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet. Ed. David Bevington. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Rpt. from An Approach to Hamlet. Stanford, CT Stanford University Press, 1961. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Wilson, tail end Dover. What Happens in Hamlet. New York Cambridge University Press, 1999.